Confusing JLPT Limitation Expressions

3分整理 N2 N3 〜と〜の違い記事まとめ

How to use this page

This page is a sub-hub for learning limitation expressions in detail.

To see the bigger picture of both negative and limitation expressions, start with JLPT Negative and Limitation Expressions: A Learning Roadmap.

This page focuses on expressions that limit a range or choice, such as 「だけ」, 「のみ」, 「しかない」, and 「に限る」.

Limitation expressions may all look like “only,” but their grammar and nuance are different. JLPT questions often test the difference between だけ, のみ, しか, ほかない, and にすぎない.

だけ is the most basic expression and can be used in both conversation and writing. のみ is more formal and often appears in announcements, rules, and written explanations.

しか must be used with a negative form. It often suggests that the amount or choice is not enough. だけ can be neutral, but しか often carries a sense of insufficiency.

ほかない means that there is no other choice. For example, 待つほかない means that waiting is the only option. にすぎない means “nothing more than” and often gives a low evaluation.

To understand limitation expressions, ask: Is it neutral? Does it imply insufficiency? Does it mean there is no other option? Does it lower the value of something?

Practice limitation expressions